Mandibular Prognathism in Barcelona

What Is Prognathism?

We refer to mandibular prognathism when the lower teeth are positioned in front of the upper teeth and do not align properly. There are three causes:
  • Lack of growth of the upper jaw (maxillary hypoplasia)
  • Excessive growth of the jaw (mandibular hyperplasia)
  • A combination of maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular hypoplasia

We often encounter a combination of both: insufficient growth of the upper jaw and excessive growth of the lower jaw. This is because the lower jaw stimulates the growth of the upper jaw, and if mandibular prognathism is present during adolescence, the upper jaw does not grow as much as it should, resulting in insufficient growth of the upper jaw.

Types of Prognathism

Mandibular prognathism is often associated with Class III dental occlusion and with various facial patterns. We can have prognathism with a long face or a short face. Prognathism with an open bite or overbite. Prognathism with or without a posterior crossbite. Symmetrical prognathism or prognathism with facial asymmetry.

Therefore, depending on the type of prognathism, we develop a treatment plan tailored to each individual case.

Surgical Steps

Orthognathic surgery treats the cause of the problem and requires orthodontic preparation both before and after the surgery. In cases of prognathism, it may be possible to apply a “Surgery First” protocol, in which the pre-surgical orthodontic preparation is very brief and most of the orthodontic treatment is concentrated in the post-surgical phase.


Orthognathic surgery for prognathism may sometimes be monomaxillary. In such cases—and especially in women—the aesthetic result for the face is better with maxillary advancement than with mandibular setback, particularly if there is a lack of support in the midface and cheekbone areas. Very often, orthognathic treatment involves bimaxillary surgery, especially if there are midline deviations, or if we want to alter the mandibular plane through clockwise rotations (in short faces) or counterclockwise rotations (in long faces).

As always, orthognathic surgery for prognathism may be combined with mentoplasty or rhinoplasty, or cheek or lip augmentation. The treatment is based on virtual planning, which allows for maximum precision, minimal morbidity, and a quick recovery.

Treatment Process

The treatment of mandibular prognathism follows a structured process in which the diagnostic and planning phases are just as important as the surgery itself.

1. First visit and initial evaluation. Dr. Birbe performs a comprehensive facial and oral examination, assessing the skeletal pattern (Class III), occlusion, symmetry, the occlusal plane, profile, and smile. The cause of prognathism is identified: maxillary hypoplasia, mandibular hyperplasia, or a combination of both.

2. Advanced diagnostic tests. A CBCT (3D dental CT scan), cephalometric teleradiography, intraoral scan, and clinical photo documentation are performed. In young patients or those with suspected active growth, a bone scan may be ordered to rule out active condylar hyperplasia before surgery.

3. Virtual surgical planning. The movement is simulated in 3D: maxillary advancement, mandibular retraction, clockwise rotation (short faces) or counterclockwise rotation (long faces), associated mentoplasty if indicated, and other complementary procedures (rhinoplasty, cheek or lip augmentation) if the case warrants it. The patient can visualize the expected result.

4. Decision on the orthodontic treatment plan.
– Standard protocol: 6–18 months of pre-surgical orthodontic treatment to create dental space, surgery, and post-surgical orthodontic treatment to complete the case.
– Surgery First Protocol: In selected cases, very short pre-surgical orthodontic treatment (weeks), early surgery, and the majority of orthodontic treatment afterward. It reduces overall treatment time and delivers aesthetic results right from the start.

5. Orthognathic surgery. The procedure is performed in a hospital operating room under general anesthesia and requires a 1- to 2-night hospital stay. It can be single-jaw or two-jaw, with or without associated mentoplasty. Custom surgical splints manufactured based on 3D planning are used.

6. Post-surgical orthodontic treatment to complete the case. Describe the final occlusion (3–6 months in the standard protocol; longer in the Surgery First approach).

7. Medium- to long-term follow-up. Scheduled follow-up visits during the first year and the use of retainers to maintain the results.

Recovery time

La recuperación tras la cirugía de prognatismo es progresiva, predecible y hoy mucho más llevadera gracias a la planificación virtual y a técnicas quirúrgicas menos invasivas.

📋 Evolución tras cirugía ortognática

Fase Plazo orientativo Qué esperar
Ingreso hospitalario 1-2 noches Control del dolor, hielo facial continuado, dieta líquida fría
Primera semana Días 1-7 Inflamación máxima entre el 3.º y 5.º día, dieta líquida, reposo domiciliario, baja laboral
2.ª y 3.ª semana Días 8-21 Reducción notable de inflamación, dieta blanda triturada, inicio de ejercicios de apertura bucal y de reeducación oclusal
1.er mes 30 días Reincorporación al trabajo en la mayoría de casos, dieta blanda no triturada
2-3 meses 60-90 días Dieta normal progresiva, retorno a deporte suave (caminar, bicicleta estática), sensación de mordida ya funcional
6 meses 180 días Consolidación ósea avanzada, deporte sin restricciones, sensibilidad del labio inferior y mentón prácticamente recuperada
12 meses 1 año Resultado oclusal, estético y facial definitivo

👁️ Percepción estética: el cambio es inmediato desde el primer momento en que el paciente puede verse en el espejo: el perfil ya está corregido.

🦷 Percepción funcional: (mordida cómoda, masticación normal) se consolida a partir del 2.º-3.er mes.

⚠️ Sensibilidad: la sensibilidad del labio inferior y del mentón puede tardar varios meses en normalizarse, algo que explicamos siempre antes de operar para que no sea una sorpresa.

Duración del tratamiento

La duración global depende sobre todo del protocolo ortodóncico elegido y de la complejidad del caso.

⏳ Cronograma orientativo del tratamiento

Fase Duración orientativa
Estudio diagnóstico y planificación 3D 4-8 semanas
Ortodoncia prequirúrgica (protocolo clásico) 6-18 meses
Ortodoncia prequirúrgica (Surgery First) 2-8 semanas
Cirugía ortognática (ingreso) 1-2 noches
Ortodoncia postquirúrgica (protocolo clásico) 3-6 meses
Ortodoncia postquirúrgica (Surgery First) 8-14 meses
Seguimiento y consolidación Hasta 12 meses tras la cirugía
Tratamiento global (protocolo clásico) Aproximadamente 12-24 meses
Tratamiento global (Surgery First) Aproximadamente 10-16 meses

🏥 En Clínica Birbe damos un cronograma realista en la primera visita, con los hitos clave del proceso, para que el paciente pueda organizar su vida laboral y personal con previsión.

⚖️ Elección del protocolo: la elección entre protocolo clásico y Surgery First se valora caso por caso: no todos los prognatismos son candidatos al Surgery First, pero cuando lo son, la reducción de plazos y la satisfacción estética temprana son muy relevantes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Porque la estética facial no depende solo de la mordida, sino de la armonía entre los tres tercios de la cara. En un porcentaje muy alto de prognatismos, aunque el motivo de consulta sea que “la mandíbula sobresale”, el problema real es una falta de crecimiento del maxilar superior (hipoplasia maxilar). Retroceder la mandíbula en estos pacientes cierra la mordida, pero deja un tercio medio hundido, unos pómulos poco proyectados y un perfil envejecido. Avanzar el maxilar, en cambio, corrige la mordida y devuelve soporte a toda la cara, con un resultado más rejuvenecedor y natural. Esto es especialmente importante en mujeres, donde la proyección del tercio medio pesa mucho en la percepción de armonía facial. El Dr. Birbe valora en la planificación 3D qué movimiento —o qué combinación— da el mejor resultado estético y funcional en tu caso concreto.

El Surgery First es un protocolo en el que la cirugía se realiza al principio del tratamiento, con muy poca ortodoncia previa (semanas en lugar de meses), y la mayor parte del trabajo ortodóncico se hace después. Su gran ventaja es doble: reduce el tiempo global del tratamiento en varios meses y ofrece resultado estético desde la primera semana (el paciente no tiene que “esperar la cirugía” un año con brackets y con el perfil sin corregir). No todos los prognatismos son candidatos: se necesita una oclusión razonablemente compensada, ausencia de discrepancias transversales severas y una planificación 3D muy precisa. En Clínica Birbe valoramos caso por caso si el Surgery First es una opción, y lo comentamos con transparencia en la primera visita. Cuando el candidato es correcto, la diferencia en experiencia del paciente es enorme.

La edad ideal para operar un prognatismo es cuando el crecimiento facial ha finalizado, habitualmente a partir de los 18-20 años en hombres y 16-18 años en mujeres. Operar antes de completar el crecimiento puede llevar a recidivas, porque la mandíbula sigue creciendo tras la cirugía. Ahora bien, no hay una edad máxima: la cirugía ortognática se realiza con seguridad en pacientes de 40, 50 e incluso 60 años, siempre que el estado general de salud lo permita. De hecho, cada vez atendemos más pacientes adultos que han vivido décadas con prognatismo y deciden corregirlo por motivos funcionales (problemas de masticación, desgaste dental, dolor articular) o estéticos. La consolidación ósea es igual de buena en adultos maduros, y el resultado estético facial suele tener incluso un efecto rejuvenecedor añadido, sobre todo cuando se combina con mentoplastia o remodelación del tercio medio.

Sí, y de hecho es habitual. Muy pocos prognatismos son “puros”: la mayoría vienen acompañados de mordida cruzada, mordida abierta, sobremordida, cara larga, cara corta o asimetría facial. La cirugía ortognática permite corregir todo en el mismo procedimiento, planificando en 3D los movimientos combinados: por ejemplo, rotación antihoraria del complejo maxilomandibular para cerrar una mordida abierta asociada, movimiento diferencial de los dos lados para nivelar una asimetría, o mentoplastia para acabar de armonizar el perfil. Esto es una de las grandes ventajas de la cirugía ortognática frente a tratamientos parciales: se resuelve el problema global, no solo la punta del iceberg. En la planificación previa se decide qué movimientos son necesarios y el paciente ve simulado el resultado antes de operarse.

La cirugía ortognática para corrección de maloclusiones severas con repercusión funcional está reconocida dentro de la cartera de servicios del Sistema Nacional de Salud y del CatSalut en Cataluña cuando existe indicación médica documentada. En la práctica, sin embargo, los plazos de espera son largos, la ortodoncia previa —que representa una parte importante del coste real del tratamiento— no suele estar cubierta, y muy pocos centros públicos realizan cirugía ortognática con la frecuencia necesaria para mantener equipos experimentados. En el ámbito privado, algunas mutuas cubren parcialmente la intervención según póliza; otras no la incluyen o la consideran de alta complejidad. En Clínica Birbe, en Barcelona, ayudamos a cada paciente a revisar su póliza, preparar los informes que necesita y entender exactamente qué cubre cada vía antes de decidir. Y ofrecemos presupuesto cerrado y financiación para que la decisión económica sea transparente desde el primer día.

Dr. Joan Birbe: ABOMS certified specialist

Dr. Joan Birbe is the only oral and maxillofacial surgeon in Spain certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (ABOMS), the most rigorous international certification in this specialty. It is a renewable certification based on continuing education, the evaluation of real-world cases, and audited outcome standards—a standard of excellence far exceeding what is typical in Europe.

In the treatment of mandibular prognathism, this difference translates into something very specific: a criterion for choosing the correct movement. Many cases of prognathism that are treated with pure mandibular setback would be better candidates—especially in women—for maxillary advancement, which would restore support to the midface and cheekbones. Others require bimaxillary surgery with clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, and a few are ideal candidates for the Surgery First protocol. You don’t learn which group each patient belongs to by reading protocols—you learn it by performing hundreds of procedures and reviewing the results, which is exactly what ABOMS certification requires.

With more than 20 years of experience in orthognathic surgery in Barcelona, Dr. Birbe has treated all types of prognathism: symmetrical prognathism with a long face, with a short face, associated with an open bite or crossbite, with additional facial asymmetry, or with a history of condylar hyperplasia. Each case is approached with its own virtual treatment plan, a preoperative surgical simulation, and an aesthetic-functional approach that does not separate bite from profile.

When a patient with prognathism comes to Clínica Birbe, they don’t just receive yet another opinion among those they’ve already heard—they receive an ABOMS diagnosis and a treatment plan designed by the only professional in the country who works according to that standard.

Why Choose Clínica Birbe for Surgery?

Mandibular prognathism is one of the facial abnormalities that has the greatest emotional impact on patients, because it simultaneously affects their bite, profile, and smile. It is also one of the procedures that requires the most careful consideration during planning: deciding whether to advance the maxilla, retract the mandible, or combine both movements—with or without mentoplasty—completely changes the aesthetic and functional outcome.

At Clínica Birbe in Barcelona, we treat prognathism with a multidisciplinary team in which the oral and maxillofacial surgeon, the orthodontist, and—when necessary—the TMJ specialist work together on a shared treatment plan from day one. This makes it possible to make decisions that cannot be made in silos: for example, whether a case is a candidate for a “Surgery First” protocol—which significantly shortens overall treatment time—or whether it is better to prioritize harmony of the midface rather than pure mandibular retrusion.

We use 3D virtual planning in every case: we simulate the surgery down to the millimeter before entering the operating room, design custom surgical guides, and allow the patient to visualize how their profile, bite, and smile will look before making a decision. This reduces morbidity, shortens the duration of surgery, and speeds up recovery.

And, as with all treatments, we provide a fixed-price quote after the initial evaluation, financing options, and honest diagnosis: we’ll tell you what type of prognathism you have, what the correct treatment is for your specific case, and what realistic results you can expect.

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